Except that the compound created by the team led by Ludwik Leibler, surprisingly retains some characteristics of rubber and organic resins: it is light, elastic, durable and, unlike glass, virtually unbreakable no fax payday loan.
The caution is this Wednesday on the Asian stock markets. At the close, the Nikkei in Tokyo assigns 0.92% to 8463.16 points. The decline is more pronounced in China, Hong Kong, the Hang Seng 2.21% to 18,920.55 loose points while the Shanghai Composite Index lost 1.93% to 2481.06 points. The Kospi in Seoul was also down 1.06% to 1866.06 points and the S & P / ASX 200 in Sydney from 0.89% to 4247.40 points.
The debt crisis in the euro area still focus the concerns of the international markets. Yesterday, the rates at which borrow Italy and Spain have reached dangerous levels. In the process, the major European markets ended down.
The BoJ kept its policy rate
The Central Bank of Japan (BoJ) kept its key interest rate Wednesday on a daily basis in the range of 0.0 to 0.1%.Investors are, in addition, the surge in profits after the previous day, which saw such a barrel of light crude earn $ 1.23.
"We want to protect the French against the serious problems facing other European countries." In presenting its additional measures of austerity, Prime Minister Francois Fillon has placed France in the context of financial panic that hit the euro area. The extra effort is 18.6 billion euros over the next two years, including 7 billion euros in 2012 and 11.6 billion in 2013.
By 2016, it is an additional € 65 billion will be saved, said the Prime Minister, in order to achieve a zero deficit at that date. More than half of the effort will focus on lower costs, he added. The Prime Minister also recalled that the gouvernerment expects a 1% growth in 2012.
The main measures:
• VAT reduced from 5.5% to 7%. This new rate will apply to all goods and services affected by the reduced rate saving account pay day loan.In terms of controlling health care costs is an additional effort of 700 million euros will be accomplished. "
• The rise of certain social benefits will be limited exceptionally to 1% in 2012. The social minima (RSA, pensions, allowances for disabled adults, etc..) Are not affected and will be upgraded under the current rules, the more advantageous.
• The tax loopholes will be planed to 2.6 billion euros extra.
• The corporation tax for large groups will be increased by 5%.
"France must roll up our sleeves," insisted Francois Fillon. "We must rebuild our growth model" too supported by consumption itself inflated by social transfers, said François Filln concluded.
Despite successive reforms, the future of pensions remains uncertain. According to the circle of investors, it is expected that the replacement rate – that is retired from the last wage – down in the next twenty years. Middle managers, especially, will be penalized with lower returns on supplementary schemes. Individuals are aware they will have to save to preserve their future purchasing power. They can do this by reducing their taxes. Several savings products can indeed be a winner on the tax.
The Perp: still little used
The most universal of these savings products is also the least known. The popular retirement savings plan (PERP), established to encourage the French to build and open to all, hard to seduce.According to figures from the French Federation of Insurance Companies (FFSA), 27,000 new Perp were subscribed in the first half of 2011, 2% more than in 2010, but the number of building plans has stagnated at around 2, 1 million since its inception in 2004. "It produces a tunnel that compares poorly with the life insurance contracts, where the funds are not blocked until retirement and also offer a tax advantage," said Marc Darnault, Associate Optimaretraite consulting firm.Perp of the main asset is the ability to deduct contributions from taxable income, with two limitations: the amount deducted must not exceed 10% of earned income, and must remain lower for the 2012 tax return, to 28,281 euros – 10% of eight annual ceilings for Social Security (Pass).
The placement is especially interesting for those imposed in the higher brackets (30 and 41%) of the Income Tax Act and is most appropriate as thirty fifties. The Perp suffers from a disability second. The sums are blocked until retirement recovered mainly in the form of an annuity.Only 20% of funds can be "removed" capital (they are then subject to withholding tax of 7.5%), except in special cases (acquisition of a principal residence indebtedness, disability …) "The Perp is a wager on life expectancy, "says Marc Darnault. The pension amount is difficult to assess in advance and then it will suffer the same tax that the pension provided by the general scheme, namely the scale of income tax after deduction of 10%.
The Perco: the advantage of leaving capital
In comparison, the Retirement Savings Plan (PERCO), which allows the retirement funds out an entire capital – option selected by three-quarters of investors – more attractive.Reserved for the minority of employees whose company has set up this device (about 2.8 million people affected), it has experienced in 2010 an increase of 27% over 2009, according to the French Association of Financial Management (AFG). Some 690,000 employees have passed and the stock reached 4 billion euros on 31 December, an increase of 35% in one year.
The Perco can be powered both by the employee, who can contribute a maximum of 25% of its revenues, as the employer of up to triple up to a maximum of 5,656 euros per year. These payments are exempt from social charges and tax. Only the CSG (7.5%) and CRDS (0.5%) must be paid. "It's a little device binding is a management tool. It may in fact be powered by the profit-sharing payday advance low fees.Since 2010, half of it is also paid directly to the Perco, "said Philippe Crevel, general secretary of the Investors' Circle, which advises to choose security, particularly at the approach of retirement. "It should also be careful because insurers who manage packages often encourage more risky," warns Marc Darnault.
Préfon: The Perp of the Public Service
This optional retirement plan is open to staff and those who worked for a time in the public service. He met with mixed success. Only 3.7% of potential members contribute to gain points Préfon. A lack of interest that can be explained by the low incentive to contribute, the Pension Plan of the Public Service to ensure a replacement rate of 75%."This has made less sensitive to the officials the opportunity to purchase additional pension that private sector employees, including the replacement rate is 50%," says Philippe Crevel. In addition, the level of pension paid will depend on the pension point value, passed annually in the board. A rather complex system that does not allow the insured to have a clear idea of what it touches.
The Préfon was dusted in early 2011. If the principle is the payment of a pension supplement in the form of annuity (taxed at the rates of income tax after deduction of 10%), it is now possible to recover 20% of the money invested capital (taxed 7.5%). Its main attraction is nevertheless able to reduce its income tax by contributing.As for the Perp, amounts paid annually to the Préfon are tax deductible within the limit of 28,281 euros for 2011 income.
Madelin: a necessary complement to the self
Created to encourage self-employed (merchants, independent artisans, professionals, leaders of society … self-employed) to accumulate savings and a pension insurance scheme Madelin contracts are tax-advantaged. As for the Préfon and Perp, contributions are deductible from taxable earned income (BIC or BNC). The device is even more advantageous, since the deduction of 10% of income to a maximum of 28,281 euros plus an additional deduction equal to 15% on income between 35,352 euros (the maximum Social Security for 2011) and 282,816 euros (eight times in the past). The maximum deduction is set at 65,401 euros."Contributing to this diet is all the more necessary for the self that the benefits of their pension base are lower than for employees," said Marc Darnault.
According to the circle of investors, 61% have an independent contract Madelin (including retirement). The FFSA counted 899,000 contracts outstanding of 1.1 billion euros. The funds invested – usually on euro fund or units of account such as life insurance – are recoverable in the form of an annuity (taxed at the rates of income tax). No events capital is possible except in very specific cases of bankruptcy or disability of the investor.Finally, unlike other retirement investments, payments on contracts Madelin must be regular.
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The figures follow and contradict each other. The unemployment rate calculated according to the ILO by INSEE on Thursday came out slightly lower in the second quarter to 9.1% of the workforce in France and 9.6% including Dom, 9 against, respectively, 2% and 9.7% in the first quarter. Overall according to Insee, metropolitan France in the second quarter accounted for 3.3 million people not working but wanted to work. The rate of youth unemployment dropped more sharply than the average (-0.9%), when those over 50, who barely declined, remained stable.
These figures engaged in a pattern opposite to that drawn by far the data of employment center. The number of job seekers Class A (comprising individuals seeking employment and not working, even part-time) has indeed increased overall in the second quarter.After a 0.4% decline in April, rebounded strongly in May and June, respectively 0.6% and 1.3% cash advance to savings account. To the extent that gains harvested since the beginning of the year were at the end of this period almost completely deleted (-2100 seekers Class A less compared to the end of December 2010). An upward trend that continued in July with a new and worrying increase in the number of unemployed.
The two institutes n'appréhendent unemployment statistically not the same. While unemployment on the ILO today released results of a survey conducted by INSEE, the data center jobs are the result of an administrative accounting. Moreover, only a person who has not worked even one hour during the week of the survey and actively seeking work are unemployed within the meaning of an International Labour Office.However, employment center distinguishes different categories (categories A, ABC …) depending on whether the job seeker is working or not. Category A is the one that is closest to the ILO data.
The health of European banks, crucial to the future of the euro zone, is good, has hammered the EBA. This was based on the highly anticipated results of stress tests to measure the strength of credit even if prolonged recession. The supervisor had demanded a hard capital ratio of 5% the EU average was 7.7%. Of 91 institutions screened in 21 countries, eight failed the exam. The eight former "need 2.5 billion euros to build," said ABB.
Like last year, the figure is much lower in the eyes of the challenges faced by European banks, battered by the markets in recent weeks. These data, however, take into account some 60 billion euros to recapitalize by many actors involved European banks since the beginning of the year.Without this, 20 banks have also failed the tests. Above all, 16 facilities succeed narrowly, with a hard capital ratio below 6% which presents itself as the next steps to achieve.
Despite its efforts to restructure its banking sector, Spain realized, like last year, the worst performance: 5 Iberian institutions are recalibrated, including four savings banks, and seven others remain in a tie. Two Greek banks – tested on six – have also failed. Finally, an Austrian completes the list of poor performers.
France is doing well, What are the opportunity to the new Minister of Economy Baroin to praise "the strength of the universal banking model" in French. For its part, Italy, jostled for a week in the markets because of its huge debt, also managed a shot together.Italian banks had greatly strengthened their capital in recent months.
In Portugal, a weak link in the euro area with Ireland and Greece, no banking group is sticky. The Central Bank of Lisbon recalls, however, that the first two private groups in the country, Banco Commercial Português and Banco Espirito Santo proceed in three months to "increases in capital or asset sales."
European Summit on 21
It will take a few days now to say whether this exercise much more ambitious than the 2010 vintage will have served its purpose: to reassure the markets. Time for analysts to compile the exceptional amount of data disclosed by the banking community. In particular, their exposure to sovereign debt will be viewed under the microscope.Even before the publication of its results, check-up was considered inadequate in the trading rooms because it does not test the scenario of a failure of Greece, although its potential impact is partly taken into account.
A fault is the most likely outcome for investors, as European states do not find agreement. The prospect of a summit looming on Thursday for "the financial stability of the euro area and the future financing of the Greek," should restore confidence. Until then, the terms of a second rescue stumbled on participation with the private creditors, as required by Berlin.
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In the fight against deficits, the prize for creativity back to Hungary. It has introduced a "hamburger tax" which, as its name does not indicate, not only will tax the burgers, which are beyond the last minute. In reality, this new collection in September will affect the crackers and sugary soft drinks high in sugar and packaged cakes.
This offensive against junk food is primarily aimed at combating the scourge of obesity, which affects 18% of the population. "Studies in recent years on the eating habits of Hungarians and health effects show that the problems associated with excessive consumption of fat and salt have increased," says Minister of Economy, György Matolcsy no faxing pay day loans.
This tax also has the advantage of the coffers of a state that really needs.Faced with abysmal deficits, the IMF ordered to redress the balance, the government of Viktor Orban multiplies the creation of new taxes, including banks, telecommunications companies, energy and distribution. Never mind, especially since he swears the "hamburger tax" will finance advertising campaigns on food hygiene.
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While the rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded three notches note of Greece who becomes the country with the lowest rated in the world, the eminent economist Nouriel Roubini sees the end of the eurozone. In an article published in the Financial Times, the man who announced the financial crisis of 2008 estimated that countries of the European periphery abandon the euro within five years.
In the eyes of Nouriel Roubini, the debt crisis that weakens current euro area highlights the flaws in this monetary union. In fact, the euro zone has never been an "optimum currency area", ie a group of countries has any interest in sharing a single currency. There is indeed always been too strong and competitive economic differences between countries in the euro area.The founding fathers of the euro area, however, hoped that the differences between fiscal, monetary and exchange rates are offset by an acceleration of structural reforms within the euro zone countries. These measures would then have enabled the countries of the eurozone converge.
Without economic convergence, the euro area is doomed to failure
But "the reality is quite different," says Nouriel Roubini. Following the establishment of a common monetary policy, countries are folded on the weapon budget to adjust their economic policies. Very different policies have been implemented within the eurozone. Consequently, the lack of fiscal discipline in countries like Greece and Portugal involved in the birth of speculative bubbles in other countries like Spain or Ireland. And finally, the peripheral countries have become less competitive.
Economist reaffirms that to work, creating a currency area must be accompanied by a fiscal policy even as the establishment of supranational sources of income or the issuance of sovereign bonds Commons. In the absence of economic convergence, the euro area is doomed to failure, according to the economist.
Thus, Nouriel Roubini believes that there is now a way to restore the competitiveness of peripheral countries: leaving the euro, return of national currencies and depreciation. Such a scenario seems inconceivable today, is the economist who said that nothing says that in five years this idea has not gained ground, especially if the economies of peripheral countries are stagnating. Unless the idea of a Euro reaches more federal drilling, some European leaders call for that greater European integration.
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To those who doubt the impact of future rules on the banking sector, the market this Friday brings an answer without ambiguity. It was enough that the Financial Times raised the prospect of a fresh application of standards known as "Basel 3" for all European banking stocks rebound sharply! Crédit Agricole wins 3.61% to 10.62 euros, BNP Paribas climbed from 2.03% to 53.36 euros, the two largest increases Cac 40 and Societe Generale is 1.39% 42.32 euros. And this while the Paris Bourse advance of 0.77% to 3947.39 points.
According to British newspaper, that the deduction of bank capital and capital employed in the insurance industry that have been announced including less severe than anticipated. Good news, if it were true for large bancassurance groups that are French.
In fact, several elements collide in the European regulation.The European Commission initiated the drafting of the Directive (CRD 4), which transpose Basel 3. But the text does not fix a ceiling for leverage, since Basel 3 ratio does not compulsory but a tool available to regulators. Nor does it impose any standard of liquidity, since the Basel Committee provides a period of observation before definitively concluding its normative work. These elements are sometimes misinterpreted as a softening of the device.
A market sentiment indeed confirmed by another rumor that swells in the financial world: the possibility that the obligations imposed by Basel 3 are relaxed or shifted to European banks if a restructuring of the Greek sovereign debt should intervene.
It only took ten days for the disaster that befell Japan to produce its first effects on European industry. Difficulties, suffering the effects of Hitachi, PSA Peugeot Citroën, today reduced the rates in most of its European factories. The activity will drop to 75% at Sochaux, Mulhouse and Sevelnord, and between 40% and 50% of normal level at Aulnay and Poissy, Madrid and Vigo (Spain) and Trnava (Czech Republic). Only Rennes Mangualde (Portugal) are not affected.
The price of lean
Hitachi manufactures flow meters, an electronic component essential to diesel engines fitted to 68% of cars sold in Europe by PSA. This supplier "gradually resumed its production," says the manufacturer, who expects "a return to normal within a week." In total, PSA works with a score of suppliers in Japan."In light of available stocks and the status of their production, apart from Hitachi, we have no particular problem so far," said a spokesman.
At Renault, only the Korean plant in Busan, more dependent on Japan, saw its production drop about 20%. Shipments of components left by ship from the archipelago to the continent before the earthquake. "We have before us a few weeks' supply, says the Diamond brand. Meanwhile, the group meets every day "several crisis centers" to list, among the parts come from Japan, "those that could pose a problem." Among the solutions: air supply or transfer to other suppliers.
According to the American Institute of forecasting IHS, all major manufacturers will still be affected by the disaster from mid-April.These, as well as many other industry groups of all sizes are now paying the price of the strategies carried out over two years. Once essential to profitability, the flow became tight, financial crisis requires a condition of survival. Manufacturers have made drastic efforts to preserve their liquidity. And to that end, they accelerated their policies to reduce their inventories.
Being lean makes some firms more vulnerable today. "The policy of active management of stocks is assumed that there is no break in the supply chain," said Philippe Waechter. The director of economic research at Natixis believes however that the model should not be questioned, "it is probably not possible to run a business as a rule by considering the occurrence of very low probability event."