International & World Report

Demonstrate the sensitivity of the issue of employment at PSA Peugeot Citroën in five months of the presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy is personally seized it yesterday. While he has made the defense of employment in the automobile one of its most cherished since the crisis of 2008-2009, he attempted to play down the scope of the saving plan of the manufacturer who announced Tuesday 6000 job cuts in Europe, with more than 4000 in France with the positions of providers.

"There will be no social PSA in France," said Nicolas Sarkozy, to mark the third anniversary of the creation of the Strategic Investment Fund (ISF). Picking up on the commitments of Philippe Varin , CEO of the group, it has has ensured that some 2000 employees of the group directly threatened in France (excluding retirements) would be "reclassified all."Nicolas Sarkozy was outraged to learn that Renault, which the state holds 15% stake, plans to transfer all of the production of its Clio 4 future in Turkey. Carlos Ghosn had to backtrack after being summoned to the Elysee.

The automotive industry employs, directly or indirectly, 2.3 million people in France, 9% of the employed population.

There are several benefits to no teletrack payday loans, which typically have an easy web based application resulting in quick approval times.

"We want to protect the French against the serious problems facing other European countries." In presenting its additional measures of austerity, Prime Minister Francois Fillon has placed France in the context of financial panic that hit the euro area. The extra effort is 18.6 billion euros over the next two years, including 7 billion euros in 2012 and 11.6 billion in 2013.

By 2016, it is an additional € 65 billion will be saved, said the Prime Minister, in order to achieve a zero deficit at that date. More than half of the effort will focus on lower costs, he added. The Prime Minister also recalled that the gouvernerment expects a 1% growth in 2012.

The main measures:

• VAT reduced from 5.5% to 7%. This new rate will apply to all goods and services affected by the reduced rate saving account pay day loan.In terms of controlling health care costs is an additional effort of 700 million euros will be accomplished. "

• The rise of certain social benefits will be limited exceptionally to 1% in 2012. The social minima (RSA, pensions, allowances for disabled adults, etc..) Are not affected and will be upgraded under the current rules, the more advantageous.

• The tax loopholes will be planed to 2.6 billion euros extra.

• The corporation tax for large groups will be increased by 5%.

"France must roll up our sleeves," insisted Francois Fillon. "We must rebuild our growth model" too supported by consumption itself inflated by social transfers, said François Filln concluded.

From our correspondent in Brussels

For the euro, auctions have never been so high. The Heads of State or Government rejected twice by the end of the game. They meet Wednesday night to decide on a "package" massive enough to stop the contagion of debt, no more poor national treasuries and banks already weakened by the crisis.

Prime Minister François Fillon asked Tuesday the issues preventing a failure "could push the European continent to unknown lands." The common currency is, with the single market, the cement of the EU. Dramatization, she stretches under the gaze of politicians: in Rome, London or Berlin, the crisis of the euro weakened government coalitions. The majority of Silvio Berlusconi Tuesday seemed on the verge of bursting.David Cameron faces a near-rebellion in its ranks conservatives, not on the euro but even on membership of the United Kingdom to the EU.

Defense against infection

For now, Angela Merkel seems less threatened. But witness the influence of its parliamentary majority on crucial European choices, the Chancellor will accept the decisions of the summit after obtaining a travel order tightened the Bundestag. "There is no need to top, just look at the parliamentary debate before the Bundestag on TV," a European diplomat scoffed Tuesday. At the heart of the debate in Germany find themselves the roles of the European bailout fund and the ECB's refinancing loans become vulnerable to large countries like Italy or Spain.

The drama may come from Silvio Berlusconi.Italy, the third continent's economy, has taken the place of Spain in the nightmares of the leaders of the euro area. To it they think of first when they say they want to erect a barrier against infection. Nicolas Sarkozy has strongly requested the Italian Prime Minister to introduce an austerity plan credible to their peers. Tuesday evening, all indicated that the Cavaliere would arrive in Brussels on hands almost empty. He could get away with a pirouette. "Who will take the risk of rekindling the fire on the euro, claiming that Italy is definitely not serious?" Asks a well-placed observer.

Tuesday in Brussels, experts and diplomats continued to activate a device described as "quite substantial".But this is not the only issue: Wednesday evening, "it will be for each to balance the three points of a triangle: accept economic reality difficult to convince a sustainable markets and minimize the impact of the election austerity" . The crisis has entered its most political.

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It was an open secret. The six countries of the euro area currently receiving a rating of "AAA" (Germany, Austria, Finland, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), everyone knew that the Hexagon was the most fragile. And for two main reasons, as the visible one and the other as the nose on your face.

First is the only country of the "club of six" not to balance its accounts public, when we ignore the burden of debt (annual interest payments to our creditors). France continues to display a "primary deficit" in the words properly. This shows that the remediation work is far from complete.Note, for example, that Italy is now in a situation of "primary surplus", even though the peninsula remains weighed down by debt levels far higher ransom of a history of fiscal mismanagement even older than ours.

Second handicap, and distinguishes us from the other five members of the club "triple A" France is the only one to record a deficit of its external accounts. The imbalance between our imports and our exports attests an alarming lack of competitiveness. Clearly, if the French economy was not part of a monetary union, it would now interest to devalue its currency. She would even be forced by the markets.

But that Paris could lose its valuable in the future "triple A" and it would be first across the euro area which would be weakened. Including Germany. Across the Rhine, there is concern especially as a contagion effect.Professor Hans-Werner Sinn, president of the Ifo economic institute, also highly critical of the current functioning of the euro area, just bring a vivid demonstration quick pay day loan.

A model to redefine

In a recent study ("The Ten Commandments to save the euro"), he notes that the cost of insurance on the ten-year Bunds has increased tenfold since the crisis of the euro, to 1.2%. The fault lies, he says, to become burdens on Germany, the main funder of the rescue plans for its partners in the Euroland. This bill gets heavier a little more if France was itself degraded. The warning from Moody's recovery even more debate on French economic policy. Designating Paris as the weak link of the "triple A" rating agency highlights the twin deficits, internal and external, which is our brand.And these two imbalances, the most distressing is certainly the failure of "Made in France" to find its place under the sun of the euro.

Compared to its neighbors "triple A" – true "mark area" within the monetary union – France stands out on another point. Never in modern history since the First World War, it has succeeded in establishing a social contract where competitiveness is central. Such as the famous Wassenaar agreement of 1982 in the Netherlands, to exit the eternal Germanic model, in fact that of all Northern Europe. Rather than attempt to "re-enchant the French dream", which has ceased to be missing the point, here is the challenge.

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• Incidents in Rome

Tens of thousands of demonstrators, inspired by the "outrage" of Wall Street and Spain, marched Saturday in Rome, the city had been cordoned off by police. "One solution, the Revolution!", "We are not property in the hands of bankers," could be read on the signs of the protesters.

In Rome, several cars were torched. Photo credits: ALBERTO PIZZOLI / AFP

The stamp goes digital. Editor trading stamp catalogs Yvert & Tellier, has posted its entire library – 760,000 stamps – by mentioning the price of each stamp duly photographed. The objective is to facilitate the evaluation of collections and transactions between collectors. Internet and flies to the rescue of the patch even though it destabilizes the activity of mail items around the world.

By choosing an annual subscriptions range from 29.90 euros to 99 euros, we can no longer ignore a stamp of Mauritius, "a penny vermilion," only two copies known to the world, worth 1.6 million euros (due to an error in color) or stamps printed in France before 1900 are still popular: "1 f.vermilion "to 90,000 euros is a safe bet.

"The rarity value is"

This world premiere is an unexpected encounter between two worlds less distant than it seems. "Before the Internet and television, the tone was a real openness to the world, says Christopher Yvert, CEO of Yvert & Tellier. After dinner, we found a family to sort, dream, learn. "Through the Internet, Yvert & Tellier, who will not abandon its print editions, intends to develop in distant countries. A growth driver for the SMEs to forty employees (8 million euros of turnover) which has invested about 100 000 euros in the operation instant credit report. "Simply subscribe to view, says Christophe Yvert. This is an advantage for philatelists distant Asia or South America and North. "

Surprise, even today, despite the Internet, 15,000 collectible stamps are published each year worldwide. "The more a country is small, unless the mail is working, and he is tempted to print, says the heir to a dynasty of six generations. For these states, the stamp is a promotional tool and a source of income. "France and its two million collectors is no exception: in 2010, the French post office has printed 220 new. It passed 600 million stamps (Miscellaneous) collection of a total of 3 billion stamps sold annually.

But do not expect to make a fortune with recent issues. "Scarcity is the value, says Christophe Yvert. The advantage of the Internet, but also to create a network of friends in the world, seeking to complete the same series you. "Note that a limited edition of requested specialized services of La Poste to share the birth of a child is not synonymous with wealth, because it will not be sought after by collectors.

"The opening of new headquarters in Sao Paulo marks a new stage in our development in Brazil. All divisions of EADS are now combined in the same premises in order to increase efficiency. This is an important symbol because there are many synergies between them. " Offensive, Louis Welsh, president of EADS, sent to the group's employees a message of confidence in their ability to ramp up in Brazil, where it generated more than 1 billion euros in turnover in 2010 against 468 million euros in 2009.

To speed up, EADS is based on solid commercial and industrial positions built by his two spearheads: Airbus and Eurocopter. The European aircraft manufacturer owns 70% of the market for Brazilian civil aviation with 600 units sold and over 250 aircraft to be delivered.Since 1998, Airbus has tripled the size of the fleet in service with his family in 320 has accumulated 350 orders. The company LATAM (after the merger between TAM and LAN) is now in the top five customers of Airbus, while the regional airline TRIP is the world leader in turboprop (propeller) ATR, a subsidiary of EADS and Finmeccanica. Airbus hopes to increase further by assuming the largest share of a market whose needs are estimated at 610 new aircraft by 2020.

A new plant in Itajuba

Eurocopter, meanwhile, was the pioneer group in terms of technology transfer. He is the only helicopter manufacturer in the world to have implemented a comprehensive industrial activity in Brazil. And this, in 1978 by creating a subsidiary, Helibras. Its plant Itajuba (Minas Gerais) will be delivered after that date, 610 helicopter in late 2011.Between 1978 and 2011, Eurocopter's market share jumped from 14 to 53% in Brazil. To cope with this growth, the group plans to open two maintenance workshops in Brasilia and Rio will open this winter and a new plant in the presence of Itajuba Dilma Roussef, the president of the Brazilian Republic.

The new site will assemble including the EC 175 for the Brazilian army. Three years after the signing of a contract to acquire 50 EC 175, accompanied by a transfer of technology, the program aims 50% local value added. To this end, Helibras just doubled the capacity of its engineering center and plans to open a technology institute in association with the University of Itajuba. "Several industrial packages were signed with the Brazilian industry: from the 26th unit, only the cell (note: the body of the helicopter) will be delivered in Marignane," says Louis Welsh.Become the fourth industrial base of Eurocopter, behind France, Germany and Spain, Helibras will have 1100 employees by 2015 against 610 in 2011 (and 290 in 2009).

"EADS has become a Brazilian citizen"

The goal is to build on the expertise of Helibras to launch a new helicopter 100% made in Brazil by 2020. For now, the subsidiary is in line to meet with the EC 225, the civilian version of the EC 725, the growing needs of oil companies, including national oil Petrobras, an offshore market estimated at 60 gear. "With Helibras, EADS became a Brazilian citizen. It is considered a success by the government. Thanks to our ability to offer technology transfer, training of local staff and to adapt our products to our customers' needs, we can also penetrate into the space and defense, "said Louis Welsh.

The time is right because Brazil wants to boost its defense industry and space. Dilma Roussef took last Friday a series of support measures in this direction with the view to learn new skills because there is no question, as in the past, to rely on foreign equipment. The president of Brazil was cited as the first site implementation specifications of the future communications satellite in Brazil. "This satellite will have a hybrid dual mission: to satisfy the needs of the army and bring broadband to areas that do not yet have access," said Jean-Noel Hardy, vice president of sales and marketing in Latin America to Astrium, EADS Space.

The purchase process should be launched by end 2011-early 2012 by the state holding Telebras. Astrium and its subsidiary Equatorial systemas stand ready to respond to build that future satellite.The timetable is tight because Brasilia plans to launch in 2014. "The transfer of technology associated with the contract of 716 million reals (about 360 million euros) to pave the way for a second satellite with a major domestic content in 2019," said Jean-Noel Hardy.

A partnership with Thales not excluded

In the even more sensitive defense and security, Cassidian, a subsidiary of EADS Defence, created in 2010, a joint venture with Odebrecht, a diversified conglomerate that controls the transfer of technology in submarines sold by France. The joint venture's primary mission to respond to future tender for the monitoring of land and sea borders of countries with command centers. "We do not exclude to partner with Thales to win this contract," says Louis Welsh.

It is estimated at 7.5 billion euros over five years.World Cup Soccer in 2014 and the Olympic Games in 2016 as Brazil hosts play a role as a spur to a country recognizes the need to invest heavily in the fight against insecurity. Cassidian who has already won its first contract to equip the federal police secure communications systems, also expects the results of the tenders awarded by the policies of the 26 Brazilian states who want to equip. "This market is estimated at 1 billion euros, and we hope to take at least half," said Christian Gras, President Cassidian Brazil.

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Brussels took the leap. Despite the opposition front in the UK and strong differences between capitals, José Manuel Barroso will propose Wednesday to create a tax on financial transactions in the twenty-seven EU countries. The tax would apply from 2014 to the field the largest stocks, bonds, derivatives and structured financial products. But with the lowest possible rate: 0.1% for transactions in securities and 0.01% on products, according to the latest assumptions of the Commission. This rate floors, each state is then free to burden the tax at will and profit, as is the case for VAT.

The TTF, as amended Brussels, aims to hit 85% of financial transactions. It will be collected from banks, stock exchanges and financial services providers. Individuals and businesses will be affected only indirectly.Bank loans and mortgages, foreign exchange, insurance contracts and other financial products for individuals not included in the base, according to the draft directive obtained by Le Figaro.

The idea of ​​the TTF is in the air since the beginning of the crisis. On the need to find new revenue for the budget adds a political justification: to charge the world at least part of the cost of public rescue operations conducted since the fall of 2008. The European Commission amounted to 4.6 trillion euros in three States' commitments to the financial sector.

Obama opposed this idea

The idea, for it may seem attractive to the taxpayer, has struggled to take off. G20, it was rejected by Barack Obama and emerging powers short term personal loan.In Europe, precisely because of global consensus, it comes up against the reluctance of countries like Sweden or the Netherlands, who fear that the EU put a bullet in the foot. Only Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel continues to bring the European project at arm's length. But the idea made its way to reduce the application to the smaller group of seventeen countries of the euro.

Parliament and the Council, where each state has a veto tax will decide the fate of the project in the coming months. For now, it is to revive the dice before the G20 summit in Cannes on November 3 and 4.The Commission expects the EU to play a pioneering role on the TTF as before on climate and other economic powers will eventually follow suit.

In this act of faith, there is still a loophole: the determined opposition of the British Treasury and the hostility of the City, which Europe generates more than half of its financial transactions. Tax in Europe "has no meaning if the markets scamper overnight to New York or Singapore, 'says there is little George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer.

The Brussels experts recognize the danger of "offshoring" noting in their expected "extreme mobility of most financial transactions." The Commission responds by imposing low, but also by raking off: a transaction conducted in Asia or America would be taxable, since it would be conducted by a firm established in the EU.

As was mentioned earlier this month, "there will be no increase in gas rates for individuals on 1 October 2011." This announcement was made Thursday by the Energy Minister, Eric Besson. Businesses, however, will face a bill for them saltier since the increase will be 4.9% next month.

The chosen solution is identical to that adopted by 1 July, when prices for individuals were frozen and prices for businesses increased by 3.2%.

GDF Suez angry

This is not to the liking of GDF Suez, which called for an increase of almost 5%. The gas giant said it would "seize the courts to protect its interests."According to the company, the shortfall of the government's decision is "290 million" in its accounts the second half.

"GDF Suez can only regret the decision of the French Government on regulated tariffs for natural gas because it is not in line with public service contract signed between the state and the company or the laws and regulations concerning the evolution prices of natural gas', denounced the group in a statement."GDF Suez will request that the coverage of costs paid by the group from the suppliers of gas costs have increased recently in the wake of the upward trend of oil prices on which the natural gas price is indexed" he argues.

The competitors of GDF Suez, grouped in the National Association of energy retail operators (anode), had also filed an appeal with the State Council on August 26 to contest the freezing of gas tariffs for households decided government.

But he had promised that there would be no increase until the presidential election. He also asked the Commission for Energy Regulation (CRE) to find a new formula more favorable price to consumers, after a 20% surge in prices.This should be remitted to government in the coming days.

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The government is auctioning the frequencies, which will be used for mobile fourth generation (4G). What is it?

The mobile phone transmits the voice (or data) using radio waves, which propagate in the air "waves" continuous. The frequency (measured in hertz, Hz) is the number of "waves" per second.

To make the operators therefore need to get the government of frequencies, located in a strip precise and well defined, so as not to interfere with radio, television, defense, aviation and so on.

But the frequencies are inherently limited. They are therefore a scarce and highly contested. In addition, they are not all the same quality in terms of capacity and speed of propagation. To put it very simply, the more frequencies are lower, the better they are.Frequencies "low" (below 1GHz) have good propagation properties. They provide a national coverage less expensive because they require less equipment. They also have better penetration in buildings, improving coverage "indoor". Low frequencies therefore offer the best technical and economic conditions for the deployment of large networks with national coverage.

Historically, the FM radio is in the 100 MHz band, the television in the 470 to 862 MHz. Telecom operators are above the frequency band.

• 4G (voice, SMS, MMS, mobile Internet fast): 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz. The frequencies currently 4G auction are of two types.

On the one hand, the frequencies called "gold" because they are located in the low frequencies 800 MHz band.As they spread further into the atmosphere, the operators do not need to put a lot of equipment to cover a given area, making these frequencies are well adapted to cover the rural areas. But their price is high. Released during the transition to DTT, they were recovered by the government from television, through the so-called "digital dividend". Since this frequency band is close to that of television, mobile 4G can still create interference and interference with TNT in some places.

In addition of frequencies known as "high" as they are in the 2.6 GHz band. They are particularly suited to dense urban areas. But they require high investments.

• 3G (voice, SMS, MMS, mobile Internet start): 2GHz.The current generation of mobile phones, called 3G (or UMTS), operates in the 2 GHz band, with opportunities to 2.5 GHz. To ensure a good signal coverage, operators have had denser network and stations install more emissions than the generation before. The result of the economic costs and increasing difficulties to cover the white areas.

• 2G (voice, SMS, MMS): 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. The previous generation, known as 2G (or GSM), worked – and still works – in the 900 MHz band and 1800 MHz in Europe. Each operator had to build a network of more than 15,000 base stations. Bouygues Telecom, the third came on the market was at a disadvantage: he had received 1800 MHz frequencies, requiring a denser network and therefore more expensive than its competitors Orange and SFR.In the U.S., GSM in the band of 1900 MHz, hence the need for a phone "tri-band" when traveling in the United States.

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